A sinusoidal voltage can be described by the equation:
v(t) = VM sin (ωt + Φ) or
v(t) = VM cos (ωt + Φ)
| where | v(t) | Instantaneous value of the voltage, in volts (V). |
| VM | Maximum or peak value of the voltage, in volts (V) | |
| T | Period: The time taken for one cycle, in seconds | |
| f | Frequency – the number of periods in 1 second, in Hz (Hertz) or 1/s. f = 1/T | |
| ω | Angular frequency, expressed in radians/s ω = 2*π*f or ω = 2*π / T. |
|
| Φ | Initial phase given in radians or degrees. This quantity determines the value of the sine or cosine wave att = 0. | |
| Note: The amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage is sometimes expressed as VEff, the effective or RMS value. This is related to VMaccording to the relationship VM=√2VEff, or approximately VEff = 0.707 VM |